The recent clinical success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy for B cell malignancies represents a paradigm shift in cancer immunotherapy. Unfortunately, application of CAR T cell–mediated therapy for solid tumors has so far been disappointing, and the reasons for this poor response in solid tumors remain unknown. In this issue of the
Xiaopei Huang, Yiping Yang
The secretory protein Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) is a known Wnt antagonist and has been shown to suppress tumorigenesis in some cancer cells; however, it is also upregulated in many types of cancer and associated with poor prognosis. Wnt-independent mechanisms by which DKK-1 promotes cancer cell proliferation are not well understood. In this issue of the
Dheeraj Bhavanasi, Kelsey F. Speer, Peter S. Klein
Increasing evidence indicates that microbes have a large influence on immune function. Previous studies have linked pathogenic microorganisms with decreased allograft tolerance and subsequent rejection. In this issue of the
Mandy L. Ford
Targeting glioblastoma stem cells with γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) disrupts the Notch pathway and has shown some benefit in both pre-clinical models and in patients during phase I/II clinical trials. However, it is largely unknown why some glioblastoma (GBM) does not respond to GSI treatment. In this issue of the
Xing Fan
The severe liver pathology of untreated Wilson disease (WD) is associated with massive copper overload caused by mutations in a liver-specific copper-transporting ATPase, ATP7B. While early, presymptomatic detection and chelation with conventional copper-binding molecules enables effective and life-saving treatment, liver transplantation is the sole option currently available for those with advanced disease. In this issue of the
Stephen G. Kaler
Inherited metabolic disorders are often characterized by the lack of an essential enzyme and are currently treated by dietary restriction and other strategies to replace the substrates or products of the missing enzyme. Patients with homocystinuria lack the enzyme cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), and many of these individuals do not respond to current treatment protocols. In this issue of the
Dwight D. Koeberl
The ability of a single T cell antigen receptor (TCR) to cross-react with multiple antigens allows the finite number of T cells within an organism to respond to the compendium of pathogen challenges faced during a lifetime. Effective immune surveillance, however, comes at a price. TCR cross-reactivity can allow molecular mimics to spuriously activate autoimmune T cells; it also underlies T cell rejection of organ transplants and drives graft-versus-host disease. In this issue of the
Brian D. Stadinski, Reinhard Obst, Eric S. Huseby
In this issue of the
Jameel Iqbal, Tony Yuen, Li Sun, Mone Zaidi
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common cause of hospital-related mortality; therefore, strategies to either prevent or treat this complication are of great interest. In this issue of the
Simon J. Atkinson
Tregs are critical for control of self-reactive T cells that escape thymic selection and end up in the periphery. Treg subsets suppress effector T cell populations through the secretion of immunosuppressive molecules and inhibitory cytokines as well as cell contact–dependent mechanisms. In this issue of the
Christoph T. Berger, Christoph Hess
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