The failure of current immunotherapy for malignant glioma. Tumor-derived TGF-β, T-cell apoptosis, and the immune privilege of the brain

M Weller, A Fontana - Brain research reviews, 1995 - Elsevier
Human malignant gliomas are rather resistant to all current therapeutic approaches
including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy as well as antibody-guided or cellular
immunotherapy. The immunotherapy of malignant glioma has attracted interest because of
the immunosuppressed state of malignant glioma patients which resides mainly in the T-cell
compartment. This T-cell suppression has been attributed to the release by the glioma cells
of immunosuppressive factors like transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and prostaglandins …